The Effect of Expert Model Observation in Learning of Technique and Improvement of Performance Breastroke in Young Children

Authors

  • Κωνσταντίνα Χατζηττοφή Δημοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θράκης
  • Ελένη Ζέτου Δημοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θράκης
  • Νικόλαος Βερναδάκης Δημοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θράκης
  • Αντώνιος Χατζηγεωργιάδης Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine if the expert model observation combined with verbal cues (key words) will improve the performance and learning breastroke kick, as well as the track record, in children 8 years old. The participants were 38 children aged 8 years, (M=8.52, SD=1.39) 18 boys and 20 girls, which were not taught the breastroke kick before. The participants were randomly divided in two groups, experimental (N=20) and control group (N=18). The trainers of experimental group learned the skill with visual feedback, more specifically through an expert model observation (expert athlete) in laptop monitor combined with verbal directions (key words) from their coach, while the control group trainers followed the traditional teaching method / feedback (knowledge of performance). The duration of intervention program last 7 weeks (6 weeks practice program and 1 week without practice to evaluate the retention). The children participated in the program twice a week. The trainers evaluated in technique performance with video recording and analysis of the movement in four elements, after being checked the internal and external reliability of the observers. For the track record evaluation a hand timer was used. The analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that the trainers of the two groups learned breastroke kick skill, but the trainers of the experimental group were better in performance and learning than the control group trainers. Concerning the track record, trainers of both groups improved, without any differences between them. Concluding, the expert model observation combined with verbal cues, is a feedback method which significantly improved the performance and learning of breastroke kick skill in young children.

References

Bandura, A. (1971). Analysis of modeling processes. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Psychological modeling conflicting theories (pp.105-124). New York: Adline-Atherton.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Baudry, L., Leroy, D., & Chollet, D. (2006). The effect of combined self-and expert-modelling on the performance of the double leg circle on the pommel horse. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 1055-1063.

Buggey, T. (1995). Videotaped self-modeling: The next step in modeled instruction. Early Education and Development, 6, 39-51.

Cancela, J.M., & Ayan, C. (2013). Learning front crawl swimming technique through observation and identification of error in sport science and physical activity undergraduate degree students. Iated Digital Library, 2644 – 2648.

Carroll, W. R., & Bandura, A. (1990). Representation guidance of action production in observational learning: A casual analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22, 85-97.

Carroll, W. R., & Bandura, A. (1982). The role of visual monitoring in observational learning of action patterns: Making the unobservable observable. Journal of Motor Behavior, 14, 153-167.

Dehkordi, A. G. (2011). The effect of instructional-aid films on learning of table tennis techniques. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1656–1660.

Doody, S. G., Bird, A. M., & Ross, D. (1985). The effect of auditory and visual models on acquisition of a timing task. Human Movement Science, 4, 271-281.

Dowrick, P. W. (1999). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.

Landin, D. (1994). The role of verbal cues in skill learning. Quest, 46, 299-313.

Landin, D., & Cutton, D. L. (1990). The effects of alternating feedback treatments on motor skill acquisition. College Student Journal, 24, 261-265.

Law B., & Ste-Marie D. M. (2005). Effects of self-modeling on figure skating jump performance and psychological variables. European Journal of Sport Science, 5, 143–152.

Magill, R.A. (1993). Modeling and verbal feedback influences on motor skill learning. Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 358-369.

Maleki, F., Shafie Nia, P., Zarghami, M., & Neisi, A. (2010). The Comparison of Different Types of Observational Trainingon Motor Learning of Gymnastic Handstand. Journal of Human Kinetics, 26, 13-19.

Martin, D., Carl K., & Lehnertz, K. (1995). Εγχειρίδιο προπονητικής. Η σύνδεση της θεωρίας με την πράξη. Κομοτηνή: ΑΛΦάΒΗΤΟ.

Martini, R., Rymal, M. A., & Ste Marie, M. D. (2011). Investigating Self-as-a-Model Techniques and Underlying Cognitive Processes in Adults Learning the Butterfly swim stroke. International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering, 5(4), 242 – 256.

Newell, K. M. (1991). Motor skill acquisition. Annual Review of Sport Psychologie, 42, 213-237.

Pollock, B.J., & Lee, T.D. (1992). Effects of the model’s skill level on observational motor learning. Researh Quarterly for exercise and Sport, 63, 25-29.

Ram, N., & McCullagh, P. (2003). Self-modeling: Influence on psychological responses and physical performance. The Sport Psychologist, 17, 220-241.

Richarson, J. R., & Lee, T. D. (1999). The effects of proactive and retroactive demonstrations on learning signed letters. Acta Psychologica, 101, 79-90.

Roach, N. K., & Burwitz, L. (1986). Observational learning in motor skill acquisition: The effect of verbal directing cues. In J. Watkins, T. Reilly, & L. Burwitz (Eds.), Sports science: Proceedings of the VIII Commonwealth and International conference on sport, physical education, dance, recreation and health (pp. 349-354). London: E. & F. N. Spon.

Rose, J. D. (1998). Κινητική Μάθηση και Κινητικός Έλεγχος. Μια Πολυδιάστατη Προσέγγιση. Θεσσαλονίκη: University Studio Press.

Schunk, D. H., Hanson, A. R., & Cox, P. D. (1987). Peer-model attributes and children’s achievement behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 54-61.

Starek, J., & McCullagh, P. (1999). The effect of self-modeling modeling on the performance of beginning swimmers. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 269-287.

Van Wieringen, P.J., Emmen, H.H., Bootsma, R.J., Hoogesteger, M., & Whiting, H.T.A. (1989). The effect of video-feedback on the learning of the tennis serve by intermediate players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 7, 153-162.

Weiss, M. R., & Klint, K. A. (1987). “Show and tell” in the gymnasium: An investigation of developmental differences in modeling and verbal rehearsal of motor skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 58, 234-241.

Weiss, R. M., Mc Cullagh, P., Smith, L. A., & Berlant, R. A. (1998). Observational Learning and the Fearful Child: Influence of Peer Models on Swimming Skill Performance and Psychological Responses. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(4), 380 – 394.

Wiese, M. D., Bjornstal, & Weiss, M.R. (1992). Modeling Effects on Children's Form Kinematics, Performance Outcome, and Cognitive Recognition of a Sport Skill: An Integrated Perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63(1), 67 – 75.

Zetou, E., Fragouli, M., & Tzetzis, G. (1999). The influence of star and self-modeling on volleyball skill acquisition. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 37, 127-143.

Ζέτου, Ε., Βερναδάκης, Ν., Τζέτζης, Γ., & Κιουµουρτζόγλου, Ε. (2000). Η επίδραση της ανατροφοδότησης µ ε παρατήρηση στην απόδοση και µάθηση δεξιοτήτων της πετοσφαίρισης σε παιδιά. Αθλητική Απόδοση και Υγεία, 1, 34-48.

Ζέτου, Ε., Βερναδάκης, Ν., Τζέτζης, Γ., & Κιουμουρτζόγλου, Ε. (2003). Ο ρόλος της παρατήρησης μοντέλων στη μάθηση κινητικών δεξιοτήτων. Αναζητήσεις στη Φυσική Αγωγή & τον Αθλητισμό, 1(1), 58 – 79.

Ζέτου, E., Κόλτσης, Χ., & Βερναδάκης, Ν. (2013). Η Επίδραση της Παρατήρησης Εξειδικευμένου Προτύπου στη Μάθηση της Τεχνικής του Υπτίου σε Νεαρούς Κολυμβητές. Αναζητήσεις στη Φυσική Αγωγή & τον Αθλητισμό, 11(2), 58 – 67.

Λαζαρίδης, Α., & Γοροζίδης, Γ. (2012). Η Επίδραση της Ανατροφοδότησης με Αυτοπαρατήρηση στη Μάθηση του Σέρβις στην Πετοσφαίριση, στα Πλαίσια του Μαθήματος της Φυσικής Αγωγής. Αναζητήσεις στη Φυσική Αγωγή & τον Αθλητισμό, 10(2), 103 – 113.

Μπαρζούκα, Κ., Μπεργελές, Ν., & Χατζηχαριστός Δ. (2006). Η Επίδραση Διαφορετικών Τύπων Ανατροφοδότησης στην Εκμάθηση της Δεξιότητας του Σερβίς στην Πετοσφαίριση. Αναζητήσεις στη Φυσική Αγωγή & τον Αθλητισμό, 4(1), 11-18.

Downloads

Published

2023-04-09

How to Cite

Χατζηττοφή Κ., Ζέτου Ε., Βερναδάκης Ν., & Χατζηγεωργιάδης Α. (2023). The Effect of Expert Model Observation in Learning of Technique and Improvement of Performance Breastroke in Young Children. Exercise and Society, 1. Retrieved from http://83.212.133.37/ojs/index.php/ExSoc/article/view/362

Issue

Vol. 1 (2018): Issue 61

Section

Individual Sports Coaching

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).