Kατευθυντήριες οδηγίες διατροφικής υποστήριξης σε αθλήτριες Γυμναστικής υψηλού επιπέδου

Συγγραφείς

  • Μαρία Σιμάτου
  • Ιερεμίας Σιμάτος Δ/ντής Ελλ. Ερευν. Ινστ. Επιστημ. Διατροφής Αθλητών

Περίληψη

Οι αθλήτριες αναπτυξιακών ηλικιών των αθλημάτων γυμναστικής (ενόργανης και ρυθμικής) ανήκουν στην ομάδα υψηλού κινδύνου σοβαρής ανεπάρκειας / έλλειψης βασικών θρεπτικών συστατικών, κυρίως ασβεστίου, σιδήρου, φυλλικού οξέος, βιτ. D, ψευδαργύρου. Οι αυξημένες ανάγκες της επιταχυνόμενης ανάπτυξης σε συνδυασμό με την ανάγκη διατήρησης μειωμένου σωματικού βάρους και με τις έντονες πολύωρες καθημερινές προπονητικές απαιτήσεις (χωρίς επαρκή αποκατάσταση), εκθέτει ιδιαίτερα τις νεαρές αθλήτριες σε διαταραχές του ρυθμού ανάπτυξης, μακροχρόνιες θρεπτικές ελλείψεις, συναισθηματικής φύσεως προβλήματα (χαμηλό επίπεδο αυτοεκτίμησης, δυσαρέσκεια σωματικής εικόνας, καθημερινά πολλαπλά ζυγίσματα, εμμονές στην αισθητική του σώματος και στην εξωτερική εμφάνιση), ορμονικές διαταραχές (αμηνόρροια), πρόωρη κόπωση, οστεοπενία και ιδιαίτερα αυξημένο κίνδυνο κακώσεων. Από την ανασκόπηση της σχετικής ερευνητικής βιβλιογραφίας έχει διαπιστωθεί ότι η συντριπτική πλειοψηφία των αθλητριών αισθάνεται ότι βρίσκονται σε καθεστώς μόνιμης (χρόνιας) δίαιτας. Είναι δε χαρακτηριστικό ότι οι περισσότερες αθλήτριες στη διάρκεια των πολύωρων καθημερινών προπονήσεων προσλαμβάνουν μόνο νερό, με μηδενική κατανάλωση κάποιου άλλου snack. Το γεγονός αυτό, μάλιστα, είναι σε γνώση των προπονητών.Αποτελεί πρόκληση ο εντοπισμός και η διαγνωστική αξιολόγηση διατροφικών ελλείψεων / ανεπαρκειών σε κάθε αθλήτρια γυμναστικής αναπτυξιακής ηλικίας, για την τελική εκτίμηση εκδήλωσης μελλοντικών διατροφο-εξαρτώμενων διαταραχών. Προτείνονται στοχευμένες κατευθύνσεις διατροφικής υποστήριξης σε elite αθλήτριες ενόργανης και ρυθμικής γυμναστικής.

Βιογραφικό Συγγραφέα

Μαρία Σιμάτου

Φυσικοθεραπεύτρια, Δ/ντρια PhysioHealth Training Center

Αναφορές

Ackerman, K., & Madhusmita, M. (2011). Bone health and the female athlete triad in adolescent athletes. Physician Sportsmed., 39 (1), 131–141.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada and American College of Sports Medicine (2016). Position statement: Nutrition and Athletic Perormance. J. Acad. Nutr. Dietetics, 116, 501–528.

Barrack, M., Gibbs, J., De Souza, M., Williams, N., Nichols J, Rauh, M., et al. (2014). Higher incidence of bone stress injuries with increasing female athlete triad – related risk factors. Am. J. Sports Med. 42, 949-958.

Βeals, K. (2004). Disordered Eating among Athletes – A Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publ.

Benardot, D. (2014). Gymnastics. In : Maughan R. (Ed) Sports Nutrition. The Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine (Vol. VIΧ) (pp. 596-606). IOC Medical Commission Publication. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Bonci, C., Bonci, L., Granger, L., Johnson, C., Malina, R., Milne, L., et al. (2008). National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Preventing, detecting and managing disordered eating in athletes. J. Athl.Training, 43, 80–108.

Βratland –Sanda, S., & Sundgot –Borgen, J. (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: Overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. Eur. J. Sports Sci., 13, 499-508.

Burke, L. (2015). Dietary assessment methods for the athlete: Pros and cons of different methods. Sports Sci. Exch., 28 (150): 1–6.

Βurt, L., Greene, D., Ducher, G., & Naughton, G. (2013). Skeletal adaptations associated with pre-pubertal gymnastics participation as determined by DXA and pQCT: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 16, 231-239.

Byrne, S., & Mclean, N. (2002). Elite athletes: Effects of the pressure to be thin. J. Sci. Med. Sport 5, 80–94.

Caine, D., Russell, K., & Lim, L. (Eds) (2013). Gymnastics. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. IOC Medical Commission Publication. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Campbell, R., Bradshaw, E., Ball, N., Pease, D., & Spratford, W. (2019). Injury epidemiology and risk factors in competitive artistic gymnasts: A systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med., e53 doi: 10.1136 /bjsports-2018-099547

Czajkowska, M., Plinta, R., Rutkowska, M., Brzęk, A., Skrzypulec–Plinta, V., & Drosdzol-Cop, A. (2019). Menstrual cycle disorders in professional female Rhythmic Gymnasts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,16, e1470 doi:10.3390/ijerph16081470

Cupisti, A., D'Alessandro, C., Castrogiovanni, S., Barale, A., & Morelli, E. (2000). Nutrition survey in elite rhythmic gymnasts. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 40, 350–355

Dallas, G., Dallas, C., & Simatos, J.E. (2016). Nutritional status and dietary assessment of elite female artistic and rhythmic gymnastics – a case study. Science of Gymnastics J., 8, 255–269

De Bruin, A., Oudejans, R., & Bakker, F. (2007). Dieting and body image in aesthetic sports: A comparison of Dutch female gymnasts and non-aesthetic sport participants. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 8, 507–520

De Souza, M., & Williams, N. (2004). Physiological aspects and clinical sequelae of energy deficiency and hypoestrogenism in exercising women. Human Reproduction Update, 10, 433–448.

De Souza, M., Nattiv, A., Joy, E., Misra, M., Williams, N., Mallinson, R., et al. (2014). Female Athlete Triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play. Br. J. Sports Med. 48, 289–308.

Desbrow, B., McCormack, J., Burke, L., Cox, G., Fallon, K., Hislop, M. et al. (2014). Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Sports Nutrition for the adolescent athlete. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 24, 570–584.

Deutz, R., Benardot, D., Martin, D., & Cody, M. (2000). Relationship between energy deficits and body composition in elite female gymnasts and runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 32, 659–668.

D’Alessandro, C., Morelli, E., Evangelisti, I., Galetta, F., Franzoni, F., Lazzeri, D., et al. (2007). Profiling the diet and body composition of sub-elite adolescent rhythmic gymnasts. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci., 19, 215–227.

D’ Cagno, A., Giovanni, I., Iuliano, E., & Tsopani, D. (2018). Disordered eating behaviors in rhythmic gymnasts: A survey to investigate the coaches’ point of view on the management. J. Phys. Educ. Sport, 18, 1748–1755.

Driskell, J., & Wolinsky, I. (2011). Nutritional Assessment of Athletes. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press

Duffy, A. (2008). Perfectionism, perfectionistic Self-presentation, body comparisons and disordered eating in women’s Artistic Gymnastics (unpublished Master’s Thesis). Auburn University, Auburn (AL).

Elliott-Sale, K., Tenforde, A., Parziale, A., Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. (2018). Endocrine effects of Relative Energy Deficiency in sport. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 28, 335–349.

Ferrand, C., Champely, S., & Filaire, E. (2009). The role of body-esteem in predicting disordered eating symptoms: A comparison of French aesthetic athletes and non-athletic females. Psychol. Sport Exerc., 10, 373-380.

Filaire, E., Jouanel, P., Colombier, M., Bégue, R., & Lac G. (2003). Effects of 16 weeks of training prior to a major competition on hormonal and biochemical parameters in young elite gymnasts. J. Pediatric Endocrinol. Metabol., 16, 741–50.

Francisco, R., Alarcao, M., & Narciso, I. (2012). Aesthetic sports as high-risk contexts for eating disorders – young elite dancers and gymnasts perspectives. Spanish J. Psychol., 15, 265–274.

Fuqua, J., & Rogol, A. (2013). Endocrinology. In: Caine D, Russell K, Lim L. Gymnastics. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science (pp. 28-39). IOC Medical Commission Publication. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Georgopoulos, N., Markou, K., Theodoropoulou, A., Benardot, D., Leglise, M., & Vagenakis, A. (2002). Growth retardation in artistic compared with rhythmic elite female Gymnasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 87, 3169–3173.

Gibbs, J., Williams, N., Mallinson, R., Reed, J., Rickard, A., & De Souza, M. (2013). Effect of high dietary restraint on energy availability and menstrual status. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 45, 1790–1797.

Greene, D., & Naughton, G. (2006). Adaptive skeletal responses to mechanical loading during adolescence. Sports Med., 36, 723-732.

Hart, E., Meehan, W., Bae, D., D’Hemecourt, P., & Stracciolini A. (2018). The young injured Gymnast: A literature review and discussion. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., 17, 366-375.

Ηeaney, S., O' Connor, H., Gifford, J., & Naughton, G. (2010). Comparison of strategies for assessing nutritional adequacy in elite female athletes’ dietary intake. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 20, 245–256

Holli, B., & Beto, J. (2014). Nutrition Counseling and Education Skills for Dietetics Professionals. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Jonnalagadda, S., Bernadot, D., & Nelson, M. (1998). Energy and nutrient intakes of the United States national women’s artistic gymnastics team. Int. J. Sport Nutrition, 8, 331–344.

Joy, E., Kussman, A., & Nattiv, A. (2016). 2016 update on eating disorders in Athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management. Br. J. Sports Med., 50, 154–62.

Kerr, G., Berman, E., & De Souza, M. (2006). Disordered eating in women's Gymnastics: Perspectives of athletes, coaches, parents, and judges. J. Appl. Sport Psychol., 18, 28–43.

Kolt, G., & Kirkby, R. (1999). Epidemiology of injury in elite and subelite female gymnasts: A comparison of retrospective and prospective findings. Br. J. Sports Med. 33, 312–318.

Κοσμίδου, E. (2014). Σωματική αυτοαντίληψη, εικόνα σώματος και διατροφικές στάσεις αθλητριών Ρυθμικής γυμναστικής: Ανάπτυξη και αξιολόγηση παρεμβατικού προγράμματος. Διδακτορική διατριβή (Ph.D. theses). ΤΕΦΑΑ (Α.Π.Θ.), Θεσ/νίκη

Lebenstedt, M., Platte, P., & Pirke K. (1999). Reduced resting metabolic rate in athletes with menstrual disorders. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 31, 1250–1256.

Logue, D., Madigan, S., Delahunt, E., Heinen, M., Mc Donnell, S., & Corish, C. (2018). Low energy avai-lability in athletes: A review of prevalence, dietary patterns, physiological health and sports performance. Sports Med., 48, 73–96.

Lovell, G. (2008). Vitamin D status of females in an elite gymnastics program. Clin. J. Sport Med., 18, 159–161.

Μaϊmoun, L., Georgopoulos, N., & Sultan, C. (2014). Endocrine disorders in adolescent and young female athletes : Impact on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 99, 4037–50.

Malina, R., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or O. (Eds) (2004). Growth, Maturation and Physical Activity (2nd Ed.). Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publ.

Μallinson, R., & De Souza M. (2014). Current perspectives on the etiology and manifestation of the “silent” component of the female athlete triad. Int. J. Women’s Health, 6, 451–467.

Μarkou, K., Mylonas, P., Theodoropoulou, A., Kontogiannis, A., Leglise, M., Vagenakis, A, et al. (2004). The influence of intensive physical exercise on bone acquisition in adolescent elite female and male artistic Gymnasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89, 4383–4387.

Martinsen, M., Bahr, R., Børresen, R., Holme, I., Pensgaard, A., Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2014). Preventing eating disorders among young elite athletes: A randomized controlled trial. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 46, 435–447.

ΜcManus, A., & Armstrong, N. (2011). Physiology of elite young female athletes. In: ΜcManus A, Armstrong N. (Eds) The Elite Young Athlete (Vol. 56) (pp. 23-46). Basel: Karger Publ.

Michopoulou, Ε., Avloniti, A., Kambas, A., Leontsini, D., Michalopoulou, M., Tournis, S., et al. (2011). Elite premenarcheal Rhythmic gymnasts demonstrate energy and dietary intake deficiencies during periods of intense training. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci., 23, 560–572.

Moeskops, S., Oliver, J., Read, P., & Cronin, J. (2019). The physiological demands of youth Artistic Gymnastics: Applications to strength and conditioning. Strength & Condit. J., 41 (1), 1–13.

Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N, et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement update 2018: Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br. J. Sports Med., 52, 687–697.

Nordin, S., Harris, J., & Cumming, J. (2003). Disturbed eating in young, competitive Gymnasts: Differences between (3) gymnastics disciplines. Eur. J. Sport Sci., 3, 1–14.

Rottstein, L. (2013). Η επίδραση της έντονης φυσικής άσκησης στην ανάπτυξη και την ενήβωση αθλητών γυμναστικής υψηλού αγωνιστικού επιπέδου. Διδακτορική διατριβή (Ph.D. theses). Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών (Τμήμα Ιατρικής), Πάτρα.

Roupas, N., & Georgopoulos, N. (2011). Menstrual function in sports. Hormones, 10, 104–112.

Sands, W., Caine, D., & Borms, J. (Eds) (2003). Scientific Aspects of Women's Gymnastics. Medicine Sport Science (Vol. 45). Basel: Karger Publ.

Silva, M., & Paiva, T. (2015). Low energy availability and low body fat of female gymnasts before an international competition. Eur. J. Sport Sci., 15, 591–599.

Σιμάτος, Ι.Ε. (2018) Σύγχρονη Προπονητική στις Αναπτυξιακές Ηλικίες – Με ειδικά θέματα Aθλητιατρικής & εφαρμοσμένης Διατροφής (σελ. 327-557). Αθήνα: Τσιλιμιγκάκης.

Smith, A. (2000). Gymnastics. In: Drinkwater, B. (Ed.) Women in Sport. The Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine (Vol. VIII) (pp. 494-509). Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Soric, M., Misigoj-Durakovic, M., & Pedisic, Z. (2008). Dietary intake and body composition of prepu-bescent female aesthetic athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metabol., 18, 343–354.

Steinmuller, P., Kruskall, L., Karpinski, C., Manore, M., Macedonio, M., Meyer, N. (2014). Revised 2014 Standards of Practice & Standards of Professional Performance for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (Competent, Proficient, and Expert) in Sports Nutrition and Dietetics. J. Acad. Nutr. Dietetics, 114, 631-641.

Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1996). Eating disorders, energy intake, training volume and menstrual function in high-level rhythmic gymnasts. Int. J. Sport Nutr., 6, 100–109.

Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Garthe, I. (2011). Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body composition. J. Sports Sci., 29 (S1), S101–S114.

Sundgot-Borgen J, Meyer N, Lohman T, Ackland T, Maughan R, Stewart A, et al. (2013). How to minimize the health risks to athletes who compete in weight sensitive sports: Review and position statement of the research working group on body composition, health and performance (IOC Medical Commission). Br. J. Sports Med., 47, 1012-1022.

Thompson, J. (1998). Energy balance in young athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 8, 160-174.

Tofler, I., Stryer, B., Micheli, L., & Herman, L. (1996). Physical and emotional problems of elite female gymnasts. N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 281–283.

Trexler, E., Smith-Ryan, A., & Norton, L. (2014). Metabolic adaptation to weight loss: Implications for the athlete. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 11 (1), e7 doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-7.

Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Dorado, C., Ara, I., Perez-Gomez, J., Olmedillas, H., Delgado-Guerra, S., et al. (2007). Artistic vs Rhythmic gymnastics: Effects on bone and muscle mass in young girls. Int. J. Sports Med., 28, 386–393.

Weimann, E., Witzel, C., Schwidergall, S., & Böhles, H. (2000). Peripubertal perturbations in elite gymnasts caused by sport specific training regimes and inadequate nutritional intake. Int. J. Sports Med., 21, 210–215.

Weimann, E. (2002). Gender-related differences in elite gymnasts: The female athlete triad. J. Appl. Physiol., 92, 2146–2152.

Wilde, Η. (2013). Assessment of risk factors for the Female Αthlete Τriad in female collegiate gymnasts (unpublished M.Sc. Theses). University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie (WI).

Williams, N., Helmreich, D., Parfitt, D., Caston-Balderrama, A., & Cameron, J. (2001). Evidence for a causal role of low energy availability in the induction of menstrual cycle disturbances during strenuous exercise training. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 5184–5193.

Zach, K. (2011). Advances in management of the female athlete triad and eating disorders. Clinics in Sports Med., 30, 551–573.

Zetaruk, M. (2000). The young gymnast. Clinics in Sports Med., 19, 757–780.

Λήψεις

Δημοσιευμένα

2023-11-22

Πώς να δημιουργήσετε Αναφορές

Σιμάτου Μ., & Σιμάτος Ι. (2023). Kατευθυντήριες οδηγίες διατροφικής υποστήριξης σε αθλήτριες Γυμναστικής υψηλού επιπέδου. Άθληση και Κοινωνία, 1. ανακτήθηκε από http://83.212.133.37/ojs/index.php/ExSoc/article/view/405

Τεύχος

Ενότητα

Προπονητική Ατομικών Αθλημάτων